There’s so much incompetent advice here.
CPU is fine.
Linux is booting and tries to connect to TPM (trusted platform module).
It has nothing to do with graphics card. Fact it is booting means CPU is most likely likely unaffected.
TPM is most likely fried.
Linux can run without TPM. Plenty of old boards were shipped with TPM socket, but without TPM itself.
Best option is get manual for your motherboard and pull out that TPM.
Any passwords stored there are lost, if you used it.
If TPM is fine, then board pathway to it may be damaged. If that’s the case and you really need it, then board replacement is your option. But that’s only after good TPM was tried.
My ASUS laptop runs Linux well. It was around $800 5 years ago, when I bought it.
I am still using it.